Acquiring Spanish Nationality
Acquiring Spanish nationality is a common goal for many Colombians seeking new opportunities in Europe. Spain provides various legal pathways to obtain citizenship, each with specific requirements and procedures.
This guide outlines the main options available for Colombians, including the most up-to-date requirements, legal frameworks, and official processes for obtaining Spanish nationality in 2025.
Spanish Nationality by Residency
One of the most common ways to obtain Spanish nationality is through legal and continuous residence in Spain.
Requirements:
- Legal and uninterrupted residence in Spain for at least two consecutive years before applying. This reduced period is exclusive to Colombians and other nationals from Ibero-American countries, as established by Spanish law.
- Clean criminal record in both Spain and Colombia.
- Proof of integration into Spanish society, which includes:
- Passing the CCSE (Conocimientos Constitucionales y Socioculturales de España) exam, which tests knowledge of Spain’s legal and social framework.
- Spanish language proficiency: While Colombians speak Spanish, some specific cases may require proof of language knowledge.
Application Process:
- Gather required documents: Birth certificate, proof of residency, police clearance certificates, and other supporting documents.
- Submit the application: Applications can be filed online via the Ministry of Justice's website or in person at the corresponding Civil Registry in Spain.
- Pass the CCSE and DELE exams (if applicable).
- Wait for approval: The process can take several months to over a year.
Spanish Nationality by Option
Spanish nationality by option is available to individuals in specific situations that establish a direct legal link with Spain.
Who Can Apply?
Individuals who were under the parental authority of a Spanish citizen.
Children of Spanish nationals born in Spain, regardless of where the applicant was born.
Application Process:
- Gather essential documents, including birth certificates and proof of Spanish descent.
- Submit the application at the Civil Registry in Spain or the Spanish Consulate in Colombia.
- Swear allegiance to the Spanish Constitution and King, a required step for final approval.
Spanish Nationality through the Democratic Memory Law
The Democratic Memory Law, enacted in 2022, grants Spanish nationality to descendants of Spaniards exiled during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and Franco's dictatorship (1939-1975).
Who Qualifies?
Children, grandchildren, or great-grandchildren of Spanish exiles who lost or renounced their nationality.
Individuals whose parents or grandparents lost their Spanish nationality due to political exile.
Application Process:
- Gather required documents, including birth certificates and historical records proving exile status.
- Submit the application at the Spanish Consulate in Colombia or the Civil Registry in Spain.
- Await official processing and final resolution.
Deadline for Applications:
The application period was extended until October 21, 2025. This deadline is critical for those wishing to take advantage of this unique pathway to Spanish citizenship.
Spanish Nationality by Marriage
Colombians married to a Spanish citizen can apply for nationality under special conditions.
Requirements:
- The applicant must have resided legally in Spain for at least one year.
- The marriage must be legally registered in Spain, with no legal separation.
Application Process:
- Provide essential documents, including the marriage certificate and proof of residence.
- Submit the application through the Ministry of Justice or Civil Registry in Spain.
- Complete the CCSE and DELE exams, unless exempt.
Important Considerations for Colombian Applicants
Dual Nationality Agreement
Spain recognizes dual nationality for Colombians, meaning they are not required to renounce their Colombian nationality when becoming Spanish citizens.
Exemptions from Exams
Some pathways, such as nationality by option or the Democratic Memory Law, may waive the language and cultural knowledge exams.
Spain offers several ways for Colombians to acquire Spanish nationality, each with specific requirements and benefits. Evaluating the best option based on your personal and legal circumstances is crucial.
To ensure a smooth and successful application, seeking guidance from immigration experts is highly recommended.